1676 lines
51 KiB
Python
1676 lines
51 KiB
Python
"""
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==================================================
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Laguerre Series (:mod:`numpy.polynomial.laguerre`)
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==================================================
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This module provides a number of objects (mostly functions) useful for
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dealing with Laguerre series, including a `Laguerre` class that
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encapsulates the usual arithmetic operations. (General information
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on how this module represents and works with such polynomials is in the
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docstring for its "parent" sub-package, `numpy.polynomial`).
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Classes
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-------
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.. autosummary::
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:toctree: generated/
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Laguerre
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Constants
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---------
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.. autosummary::
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:toctree: generated/
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lagdomain
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lagzero
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lagone
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lagx
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Arithmetic
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----------
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.. autosummary::
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:toctree: generated/
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lagadd
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lagsub
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lagmulx
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lagmul
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lagdiv
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lagpow
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lagval
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lagval2d
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lagval3d
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laggrid2d
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laggrid3d
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Calculus
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--------
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.. autosummary::
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:toctree: generated/
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lagder
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lagint
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Misc Functions
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--------------
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.. autosummary::
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:toctree: generated/
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lagfromroots
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lagroots
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lagvander
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lagvander2d
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lagvander3d
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laggauss
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lagweight
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lagcompanion
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lagfit
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lagtrim
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lagline
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lag2poly
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poly2lag
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See also
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--------
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`numpy.polynomial`
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"""
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import numpy as np
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import numpy.linalg as la
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from numpy.lib.array_utils import normalize_axis_index
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from . import polyutils as pu
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from ._polybase import ABCPolyBase
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__all__ = [
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'lagzero', 'lagone', 'lagx', 'lagdomain', 'lagline', 'lagadd',
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'lagsub', 'lagmulx', 'lagmul', 'lagdiv', 'lagpow', 'lagval', 'lagder',
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'lagint', 'lag2poly', 'poly2lag', 'lagfromroots', 'lagvander',
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'lagfit', 'lagtrim', 'lagroots', 'Laguerre', 'lagval2d', 'lagval3d',
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'laggrid2d', 'laggrid3d', 'lagvander2d', 'lagvander3d', 'lagcompanion',
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'laggauss', 'lagweight']
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lagtrim = pu.trimcoef
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def poly2lag(pol):
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"""
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poly2lag(pol)
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Convert a polynomial to a Laguerre series.
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Convert an array representing the coefficients of a polynomial (relative
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to the "standard" basis) ordered from lowest degree to highest, to an
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array of the coefficients of the equivalent Laguerre series, ordered
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from lowest to highest degree.
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Parameters
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----------
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pol : array_like
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1-D array containing the polynomial coefficients
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Returns
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-------
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c : ndarray
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1-D array containing the coefficients of the equivalent Laguerre
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series.
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See Also
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--------
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lag2poly
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Notes
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-----
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The easy way to do conversions between polynomial basis sets
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is to use the convert method of a class instance.
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Examples
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--------
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>>> import numpy as np
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import poly2lag
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>>> poly2lag(np.arange(4))
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array([ 23., -63., 58., -18.])
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"""
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[pol] = pu.as_series([pol])
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res = 0
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for p in pol[::-1]:
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res = lagadd(lagmulx(res), p)
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return res
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def lag2poly(c):
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"""
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Convert a Laguerre series to a polynomial.
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Convert an array representing the coefficients of a Laguerre series,
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ordered from lowest degree to highest, to an array of the coefficients
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of the equivalent polynomial (relative to the "standard" basis) ordered
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from lowest to highest degree.
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Parameters
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----------
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c : array_like
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1-D array containing the Laguerre series coefficients, ordered
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from lowest order term to highest.
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Returns
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-------
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pol : ndarray
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1-D array containing the coefficients of the equivalent polynomial
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(relative to the "standard" basis) ordered from lowest order term
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to highest.
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See Also
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--------
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poly2lag
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Notes
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-----
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The easy way to do conversions between polynomial basis sets
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is to use the convert method of a class instance.
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Examples
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--------
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lag2poly
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>>> lag2poly([ 23., -63., 58., -18.])
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array([0., 1., 2., 3.])
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"""
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from .polynomial import polyadd, polymulx, polysub
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[c] = pu.as_series([c])
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n = len(c)
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if n == 1:
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return c
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else:
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c0 = c[-2]
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c1 = c[-1]
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# i is the current degree of c1
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for i in range(n - 1, 1, -1):
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tmp = c0
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c0 = polysub(c[i - 2], (c1 * (i - 1)) / i)
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c1 = polyadd(tmp, polysub((2 * i - 1) * c1, polymulx(c1)) / i)
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return polyadd(c0, polysub(c1, polymulx(c1)))
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#
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# These are constant arrays are of integer type so as to be compatible
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# with the widest range of other types, such as Decimal.
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#
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# Laguerre
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lagdomain = np.array([0., 1.])
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# Laguerre coefficients representing zero.
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lagzero = np.array([0])
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# Laguerre coefficients representing one.
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lagone = np.array([1])
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# Laguerre coefficients representing the identity x.
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lagx = np.array([1, -1])
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def lagline(off, scl):
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"""
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Laguerre series whose graph is a straight line.
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Parameters
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----------
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off, scl : scalars
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The specified line is given by ``off + scl*x``.
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Returns
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-------
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y : ndarray
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This module's representation of the Laguerre series for
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``off + scl*x``.
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See Also
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--------
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numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyline
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numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebline
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numpy.polynomial.legendre.legline
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numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermline
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numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeline
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Examples
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--------
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagline, lagval
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>>> lagval(0,lagline(3, 2))
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3.0
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>>> lagval(1,lagline(3, 2))
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5.0
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"""
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if scl != 0:
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return np.array([off + scl, -scl])
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else:
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return np.array([off])
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def lagfromroots(roots):
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"""
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Generate a Laguerre series with given roots.
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The function returns the coefficients of the polynomial
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.. math:: p(x) = (x - r_0) * (x - r_1) * ... * (x - r_n),
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in Laguerre form, where the :math:`r_n` are the roots specified in `roots`.
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If a zero has multiplicity n, then it must appear in `roots` n times.
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For instance, if 2 is a root of multiplicity three and 3 is a root of
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multiplicity 2, then `roots` looks something like [2, 2, 2, 3, 3]. The
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roots can appear in any order.
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If the returned coefficients are `c`, then
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.. math:: p(x) = c_0 + c_1 * L_1(x) + ... + c_n * L_n(x)
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The coefficient of the last term is not generally 1 for monic
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polynomials in Laguerre form.
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Parameters
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----------
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roots : array_like
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Sequence containing the roots.
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Returns
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-------
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out : ndarray
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1-D array of coefficients. If all roots are real then `out` is a
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real array, if some of the roots are complex, then `out` is complex
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even if all the coefficients in the result are real (see Examples
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below).
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See Also
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--------
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numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyfromroots
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numpy.polynomial.legendre.legfromroots
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numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebfromroots
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numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermfromroots
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numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermefromroots
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Examples
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--------
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagfromroots, lagval
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>>> coef = lagfromroots((-1, 0, 1))
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>>> lagval((-1, 0, 1), coef)
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array([0., 0., 0.])
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>>> coef = lagfromroots((-1j, 1j))
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>>> lagval((-1j, 1j), coef)
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array([0.+0.j, 0.+0.j])
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"""
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return pu._fromroots(lagline, lagmul, roots)
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def lagadd(c1, c2):
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"""
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Add one Laguerre series to another.
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Returns the sum of two Laguerre series `c1` + `c2`. The arguments
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are sequences of coefficients ordered from lowest order term to
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highest, i.e., [1,2,3] represents the series ``P_0 + 2*P_1 + 3*P_2``.
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Parameters
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----------
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c1, c2 : array_like
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1-D arrays of Laguerre series coefficients ordered from low to
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high.
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Returns
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-------
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out : ndarray
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Array representing the Laguerre series of their sum.
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See Also
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--------
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lagsub, lagmulx, lagmul, lagdiv, lagpow
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Notes
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-----
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Unlike multiplication, division, etc., the sum of two Laguerre series
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is a Laguerre series (without having to "reproject" the result onto
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the basis set) so addition, just like that of "standard" polynomials,
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is simply "component-wise."
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Examples
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--------
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagadd
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>>> lagadd([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3, 4])
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array([2., 4., 6., 4.])
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"""
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return pu._add(c1, c2)
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def lagsub(c1, c2):
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"""
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Subtract one Laguerre series from another.
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Returns the difference of two Laguerre series `c1` - `c2`. The
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sequences of coefficients are from lowest order term to highest, i.e.,
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[1,2,3] represents the series ``P_0 + 2*P_1 + 3*P_2``.
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Parameters
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----------
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c1, c2 : array_like
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1-D arrays of Laguerre series coefficients ordered from low to
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high.
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Returns
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-------
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out : ndarray
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Of Laguerre series coefficients representing their difference.
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See Also
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--------
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lagadd, lagmulx, lagmul, lagdiv, lagpow
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Notes
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-----
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Unlike multiplication, division, etc., the difference of two Laguerre
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series is a Laguerre series (without having to "reproject" the result
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onto the basis set) so subtraction, just like that of "standard"
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polynomials, is simply "component-wise."
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Examples
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--------
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagsub
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>>> lagsub([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3])
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array([0., 0., 0., 4.])
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"""
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return pu._sub(c1, c2)
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def lagmulx(c):
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"""Multiply a Laguerre series by x.
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Multiply the Laguerre series `c` by x, where x is the independent
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variable.
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Parameters
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----------
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c : array_like
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1-D array of Laguerre series coefficients ordered from low to
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high.
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Returns
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-------
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out : ndarray
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Array representing the result of the multiplication.
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See Also
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--------
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lagadd, lagsub, lagmul, lagdiv, lagpow
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Notes
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-----
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The multiplication uses the recursion relationship for Laguerre
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polynomials in the form
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.. math::
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xP_i(x) = (-(i + 1)*P_{i + 1}(x) + (2i + 1)P_{i}(x) - iP_{i - 1}(x))
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Examples
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--------
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagmulx
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>>> lagmulx([1, 2, 3])
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array([-1., -1., 11., -9.])
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"""
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# c is a trimmed copy
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[c] = pu.as_series([c])
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# The zero series needs special treatment
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if len(c) == 1 and c[0] == 0:
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return c
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prd = np.empty(len(c) + 1, dtype=c.dtype)
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prd[0] = c[0]
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prd[1] = -c[0]
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for i in range(1, len(c)):
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prd[i + 1] = -c[i] * (i + 1)
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prd[i] += c[i] * (2 * i + 1)
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prd[i - 1] -= c[i] * i
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return prd
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def lagmul(c1, c2):
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"""
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Multiply one Laguerre series by another.
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Returns the product of two Laguerre series `c1` * `c2`. The arguments
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are sequences of coefficients, from lowest order "term" to highest,
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e.g., [1,2,3] represents the series ``P_0 + 2*P_1 + 3*P_2``.
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Parameters
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----------
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c1, c2 : array_like
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1-D arrays of Laguerre series coefficients ordered from low to
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high.
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Returns
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-------
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out : ndarray
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Of Laguerre series coefficients representing their product.
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See Also
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--------
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lagadd, lagsub, lagmulx, lagdiv, lagpow
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Notes
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-----
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In general, the (polynomial) product of two C-series results in terms
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that are not in the Laguerre polynomial basis set. Thus, to express
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the product as a Laguerre series, it is necessary to "reproject" the
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product onto said basis set, which may produce "unintuitive" (but
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correct) results; see Examples section below.
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Examples
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--------
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>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagmul
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>>> lagmul([1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 2])
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array([ 8., -13., 38., -51., 36.])
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"""
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# s1, s2 are trimmed copies
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[c1, c2] = pu.as_series([c1, c2])
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if len(c1) > len(c2):
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c = c2
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xs = c1
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else:
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c = c1
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xs = c2
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if len(c) == 1:
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c0 = c[0] * xs
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c1 = 0
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elif len(c) == 2:
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c0 = c[0] * xs
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c1 = c[1] * xs
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else:
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nd = len(c)
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c0 = c[-2] * xs
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c1 = c[-1] * xs
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for i in range(3, len(c) + 1):
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tmp = c0
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nd = nd - 1
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c0 = lagsub(c[-i] * xs, (c1 * (nd - 1)) / nd)
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c1 = lagadd(tmp, lagsub((2 * nd - 1) * c1, lagmulx(c1)) / nd)
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return lagadd(c0, lagsub(c1, lagmulx(c1)))
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def lagdiv(c1, c2):
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"""
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Divide one Laguerre series by another.
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Returns the quotient-with-remainder of two Laguerre series
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`c1` / `c2`. The arguments are sequences of coefficients from lowest
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order "term" to highest, e.g., [1,2,3] represents the series
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``P_0 + 2*P_1 + 3*P_2``.
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Parameters
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----------
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c1, c2 : array_like
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1-D arrays of Laguerre series coefficients ordered from low to
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high.
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Returns
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-------
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[quo, rem] : ndarrays
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Of Laguerre series coefficients representing the quotient and
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remainder.
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See Also
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--------
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|
lagadd, lagsub, lagmulx, lagmul, lagpow
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|
|
Notes
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-----
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In general, the (polynomial) division of one Laguerre series by another
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results in quotient and remainder terms that are not in the Laguerre
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polynomial basis set. Thus, to express these results as a Laguerre
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series, it is necessary to "reproject" the results onto the Laguerre
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|
basis set, which may produce "unintuitive" (but correct) results; see
|
|
Examples section below.
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|
|
Examples
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--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagdiv
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>>> lagdiv([ 8., -13., 38., -51., 36.], [0, 1, 2])
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(array([1., 2., 3.]), array([0.]))
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>>> lagdiv([ 9., -12., 38., -51., 36.], [0, 1, 2])
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(array([1., 2., 3.]), array([1., 1.]))
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"""
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return pu._div(lagmul, c1, c2)
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def lagpow(c, pow, maxpower=16):
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"""Raise a Laguerre series to a power.
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Returns the Laguerre series `c` raised to the power `pow`. The
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argument `c` is a sequence of coefficients ordered from low to high.
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i.e., [1,2,3] is the series ``P_0 + 2*P_1 + 3*P_2.``
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Parameters
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----------
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c : array_like
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1-D array of Laguerre series coefficients ordered from low to
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high.
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pow : integer
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Power to which the series will be raised
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maxpower : integer, optional
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Maximum power allowed. This is mainly to limit growth of the series
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to unmanageable size. Default is 16
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|
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Returns
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-------
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coef : ndarray
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Laguerre series of power.
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See Also
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|
--------
|
|
lagadd, lagsub, lagmulx, lagmul, lagdiv
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagpow
|
|
>>> lagpow([1, 2, 3], 2)
|
|
array([ 14., -16., 56., -72., 54.])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._pow(lagmul, c, pow, maxpower)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagder(c, m=1, scl=1, axis=0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Differentiate a Laguerre series.
|
|
|
|
Returns the Laguerre series coefficients `c` differentiated `m` times
|
|
along `axis`. At each iteration the result is multiplied by `scl` (the
|
|
scaling factor is for use in a linear change of variable). The argument
|
|
`c` is an array of coefficients from low to high degree along each
|
|
axis, e.g., [1,2,3] represents the series ``1*L_0 + 2*L_1 + 3*L_2``
|
|
while [[1,2],[1,2]] represents ``1*L_0(x)*L_0(y) + 1*L_1(x)*L_0(y) +
|
|
2*L_0(x)*L_1(y) + 2*L_1(x)*L_1(y)`` if axis=0 is ``x`` and axis=1 is
|
|
``y``.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
Array of Laguerre series coefficients. If `c` is multidimensional
|
|
the different axis correspond to different variables with the
|
|
degree in each axis given by the corresponding index.
|
|
m : int, optional
|
|
Number of derivatives taken, must be non-negative. (Default: 1)
|
|
scl : scalar, optional
|
|
Each differentiation is multiplied by `scl`. The end result is
|
|
multiplication by ``scl**m``. This is for use in a linear change of
|
|
variable. (Default: 1)
|
|
axis : int, optional
|
|
Axis over which the derivative is taken. (Default: 0).
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
der : ndarray
|
|
Laguerre series of the derivative.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagint
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
-----
|
|
In general, the result of differentiating a Laguerre series does not
|
|
resemble the same operation on a power series. Thus the result of this
|
|
function may be "unintuitive," albeit correct; see Examples section
|
|
below.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagder
|
|
>>> lagder([ 1., 1., 1., -3.])
|
|
array([1., 2., 3.])
|
|
>>> lagder([ 1., 0., 0., -4., 3.], m=2)
|
|
array([1., 2., 3.])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
c = np.array(c, ndmin=1, copy=True)
|
|
if c.dtype.char in '?bBhHiIlLqQpP':
|
|
c = c.astype(np.double)
|
|
|
|
cnt = pu._as_int(m, "the order of derivation")
|
|
iaxis = pu._as_int(axis, "the axis")
|
|
if cnt < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("The order of derivation must be non-negative")
|
|
iaxis = normalize_axis_index(iaxis, c.ndim)
|
|
|
|
if cnt == 0:
|
|
return c
|
|
|
|
c = np.moveaxis(c, iaxis, 0)
|
|
n = len(c)
|
|
if cnt >= n:
|
|
c = c[:1] * 0
|
|
else:
|
|
for i in range(cnt):
|
|
n = n - 1
|
|
c *= scl
|
|
der = np.empty((n,) + c.shape[1:], dtype=c.dtype)
|
|
for j in range(n, 1, -1):
|
|
der[j - 1] = -c[j]
|
|
c[j - 1] += c[j]
|
|
der[0] = -c[1]
|
|
c = der
|
|
c = np.moveaxis(c, 0, iaxis)
|
|
return c
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagint(c, m=1, k=[], lbnd=0, scl=1, axis=0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Integrate a Laguerre series.
|
|
|
|
Returns the Laguerre series coefficients `c` integrated `m` times from
|
|
`lbnd` along `axis`. At each iteration the resulting series is
|
|
**multiplied** by `scl` and an integration constant, `k`, is added.
|
|
The scaling factor is for use in a linear change of variable. ("Buyer
|
|
beware": note that, depending on what one is doing, one may want `scl`
|
|
to be the reciprocal of what one might expect; for more information,
|
|
see the Notes section below.) The argument `c` is an array of
|
|
coefficients from low to high degree along each axis, e.g., [1,2,3]
|
|
represents the series ``L_0 + 2*L_1 + 3*L_2`` while [[1,2],[1,2]]
|
|
represents ``1*L_0(x)*L_0(y) + 1*L_1(x)*L_0(y) + 2*L_0(x)*L_1(y) +
|
|
2*L_1(x)*L_1(y)`` if axis=0 is ``x`` and axis=1 is ``y``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
Array of Laguerre series coefficients. If `c` is multidimensional
|
|
the different axis correspond to different variables with the
|
|
degree in each axis given by the corresponding index.
|
|
m : int, optional
|
|
Order of integration, must be positive. (Default: 1)
|
|
k : {[], list, scalar}, optional
|
|
Integration constant(s). The value of the first integral at
|
|
``lbnd`` is the first value in the list, the value of the second
|
|
integral at ``lbnd`` is the second value, etc. If ``k == []`` (the
|
|
default), all constants are set to zero. If ``m == 1``, a single
|
|
scalar can be given instead of a list.
|
|
lbnd : scalar, optional
|
|
The lower bound of the integral. (Default: 0)
|
|
scl : scalar, optional
|
|
Following each integration the result is *multiplied* by `scl`
|
|
before the integration constant is added. (Default: 1)
|
|
axis : int, optional
|
|
Axis over which the integral is taken. (Default: 0).
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
S : ndarray
|
|
Laguerre series coefficients of the integral.
|
|
|
|
Raises
|
|
------
|
|
ValueError
|
|
If ``m < 0``, ``len(k) > m``, ``np.ndim(lbnd) != 0``, or
|
|
``np.ndim(scl) != 0``.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagder
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
-----
|
|
Note that the result of each integration is *multiplied* by `scl`.
|
|
Why is this important to note? Say one is making a linear change of
|
|
variable :math:`u = ax + b` in an integral relative to `x`. Then
|
|
:math:`dx = du/a`, so one will need to set `scl` equal to
|
|
:math:`1/a` - perhaps not what one would have first thought.
|
|
|
|
Also note that, in general, the result of integrating a C-series needs
|
|
to be "reprojected" onto the C-series basis set. Thus, typically,
|
|
the result of this function is "unintuitive," albeit correct; see
|
|
Examples section below.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagint
|
|
>>> lagint([1,2,3])
|
|
array([ 1., 1., 1., -3.])
|
|
>>> lagint([1,2,3], m=2)
|
|
array([ 1., 0., 0., -4., 3.])
|
|
>>> lagint([1,2,3], k=1)
|
|
array([ 2., 1., 1., -3.])
|
|
>>> lagint([1,2,3], lbnd=-1)
|
|
array([11.5, 1. , 1. , -3. ])
|
|
>>> lagint([1,2], m=2, k=[1,2], lbnd=-1)
|
|
array([ 11.16666667, -5. , -3. , 2. ]) # may vary
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
c = np.array(c, ndmin=1, copy=True)
|
|
if c.dtype.char in '?bBhHiIlLqQpP':
|
|
c = c.astype(np.double)
|
|
if not np.iterable(k):
|
|
k = [k]
|
|
cnt = pu._as_int(m, "the order of integration")
|
|
iaxis = pu._as_int(axis, "the axis")
|
|
if cnt < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("The order of integration must be non-negative")
|
|
if len(k) > cnt:
|
|
raise ValueError("Too many integration constants")
|
|
if np.ndim(lbnd) != 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("lbnd must be a scalar.")
|
|
if np.ndim(scl) != 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("scl must be a scalar.")
|
|
iaxis = normalize_axis_index(iaxis, c.ndim)
|
|
|
|
if cnt == 0:
|
|
return c
|
|
|
|
c = np.moveaxis(c, iaxis, 0)
|
|
k = list(k) + [0] * (cnt - len(k))
|
|
for i in range(cnt):
|
|
n = len(c)
|
|
c *= scl
|
|
if n == 1 and np.all(c[0] == 0):
|
|
c[0] += k[i]
|
|
else:
|
|
tmp = np.empty((n + 1,) + c.shape[1:], dtype=c.dtype)
|
|
tmp[0] = c[0]
|
|
tmp[1] = -c[0]
|
|
for j in range(1, n):
|
|
tmp[j] += c[j]
|
|
tmp[j + 1] = -c[j]
|
|
tmp[0] += k[i] - lagval(lbnd, tmp)
|
|
c = tmp
|
|
c = np.moveaxis(c, 0, iaxis)
|
|
return c
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagval(x, c, tensor=True):
|
|
"""
|
|
Evaluate a Laguerre series at points x.
|
|
|
|
If `c` is of length ``n + 1``, this function returns the value:
|
|
|
|
.. math:: p(x) = c_0 * L_0(x) + c_1 * L_1(x) + ... + c_n * L_n(x)
|
|
|
|
The parameter `x` is converted to an array only if it is a tuple or a
|
|
list, otherwise it is treated as a scalar. In either case, either `x`
|
|
or its elements must support multiplication and addition both with
|
|
themselves and with the elements of `c`.
|
|
|
|
If `c` is a 1-D array, then ``p(x)`` will have the same shape as `x`. If
|
|
`c` is multidimensional, then the shape of the result depends on the
|
|
value of `tensor`. If `tensor` is true the shape will be c.shape[1:] +
|
|
x.shape. If `tensor` is false the shape will be c.shape[1:]. Note that
|
|
scalars have shape (,).
|
|
|
|
Trailing zeros in the coefficients will be used in the evaluation, so
|
|
they should be avoided if efficiency is a concern.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x : array_like, compatible object
|
|
If `x` is a list or tuple, it is converted to an ndarray, otherwise
|
|
it is left unchanged and treated as a scalar. In either case, `x`
|
|
or its elements must support addition and multiplication with
|
|
themselves and with the elements of `c`.
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
Array of coefficients ordered so that the coefficients for terms of
|
|
degree n are contained in c[n]. If `c` is multidimensional the
|
|
remaining indices enumerate multiple polynomials. In the two
|
|
dimensional case the coefficients may be thought of as stored in
|
|
the columns of `c`.
|
|
tensor : boolean, optional
|
|
If True, the shape of the coefficient array is extended with ones
|
|
on the right, one for each dimension of `x`. Scalars have dimension 0
|
|
for this action. The result is that every column of coefficients in
|
|
`c` is evaluated for every element of `x`. If False, `x` is broadcast
|
|
over the columns of `c` for the evaluation. This keyword is useful
|
|
when `c` is multidimensional. The default value is True.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
values : ndarray, algebra_like
|
|
The shape of the return value is described above.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagval2d, laggrid2d, lagval3d, laggrid3d
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
-----
|
|
The evaluation uses Clenshaw recursion, aka synthetic division.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagval
|
|
>>> coef = [1, 2, 3]
|
|
>>> lagval(1, coef)
|
|
-0.5
|
|
>>> lagval([[1, 2],[3, 4]], coef)
|
|
array([[-0.5, -4. ],
|
|
[-4.5, -2. ]])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
c = np.array(c, ndmin=1, copy=None)
|
|
if c.dtype.char in '?bBhHiIlLqQpP':
|
|
c = c.astype(np.double)
|
|
if isinstance(x, (tuple, list)):
|
|
x = np.asarray(x)
|
|
if isinstance(x, np.ndarray) and tensor:
|
|
c = c.reshape(c.shape + (1,) * x.ndim)
|
|
|
|
if len(c) == 1:
|
|
c0 = c[0]
|
|
c1 = 0
|
|
elif len(c) == 2:
|
|
c0 = c[0]
|
|
c1 = c[1]
|
|
else:
|
|
nd = len(c)
|
|
c0 = c[-2]
|
|
c1 = c[-1]
|
|
for i in range(3, len(c) + 1):
|
|
tmp = c0
|
|
nd = nd - 1
|
|
c0 = c[-i] - (c1 * (nd - 1)) / nd
|
|
c1 = tmp + (c1 * ((2 * nd - 1) - x)) / nd
|
|
return c0 + c1 * (1 - x)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagval2d(x, y, c):
|
|
"""
|
|
Evaluate a 2-D Laguerre series at points (x, y).
|
|
|
|
This function returns the values:
|
|
|
|
.. math:: p(x,y) = \\sum_{i,j} c_{i,j} * L_i(x) * L_j(y)
|
|
|
|
The parameters `x` and `y` are converted to arrays only if they are
|
|
tuples or a lists, otherwise they are treated as a scalars and they
|
|
must have the same shape after conversion. In either case, either `x`
|
|
and `y` or their elements must support multiplication and addition both
|
|
with themselves and with the elements of `c`.
|
|
|
|
If `c` is a 1-D array a one is implicitly appended to its shape to make
|
|
it 2-D. The shape of the result will be c.shape[2:] + x.shape.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x, y : array_like, compatible objects
|
|
The two dimensional series is evaluated at the points ``(x, y)``,
|
|
where `x` and `y` must have the same shape. If `x` or `y` is a list
|
|
or tuple, it is first converted to an ndarray, otherwise it is left
|
|
unchanged and if it isn't an ndarray it is treated as a scalar.
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
Array of coefficients ordered so that the coefficient of the term
|
|
of multi-degree i,j is contained in ``c[i,j]``. If `c` has
|
|
dimension greater than two the remaining indices enumerate multiple
|
|
sets of coefficients.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
values : ndarray, compatible object
|
|
The values of the two dimensional polynomial at points formed with
|
|
pairs of corresponding values from `x` and `y`.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagval, laggrid2d, lagval3d, laggrid3d
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagval2d
|
|
>>> c = [[1, 2],[3, 4]]
|
|
>>> lagval2d(1, 1, c)
|
|
1.0
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._valnd(lagval, c, x, y)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def laggrid2d(x, y, c):
|
|
"""
|
|
Evaluate a 2-D Laguerre series on the Cartesian product of x and y.
|
|
|
|
This function returns the values:
|
|
|
|
.. math:: p(a,b) = \\sum_{i,j} c_{i,j} * L_i(a) * L_j(b)
|
|
|
|
where the points ``(a, b)`` consist of all pairs formed by taking
|
|
`a` from `x` and `b` from `y`. The resulting points form a grid with
|
|
`x` in the first dimension and `y` in the second.
|
|
|
|
The parameters `x` and `y` are converted to arrays only if they are
|
|
tuples or a lists, otherwise they are treated as a scalars. In either
|
|
case, either `x` and `y` or their elements must support multiplication
|
|
and addition both with themselves and with the elements of `c`.
|
|
|
|
If `c` has fewer than two dimensions, ones are implicitly appended to
|
|
its shape to make it 2-D. The shape of the result will be c.shape[2:] +
|
|
x.shape + y.shape.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x, y : array_like, compatible objects
|
|
The two dimensional series is evaluated at the points in the
|
|
Cartesian product of `x` and `y`. If `x` or `y` is a list or
|
|
tuple, it is first converted to an ndarray, otherwise it is left
|
|
unchanged and, if it isn't an ndarray, it is treated as a scalar.
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
Array of coefficients ordered so that the coefficient of the term of
|
|
multi-degree i,j is contained in ``c[i,j]``. If `c` has dimension
|
|
greater than two the remaining indices enumerate multiple sets of
|
|
coefficients.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
values : ndarray, compatible object
|
|
The values of the two dimensional Chebyshev series at points in the
|
|
Cartesian product of `x` and `y`.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagval, lagval2d, lagval3d, laggrid3d
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import laggrid2d
|
|
>>> c = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
|
|
>>> laggrid2d([0, 1], [0, 1], c)
|
|
array([[10., 4.],
|
|
[ 3., 1.]])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._gridnd(lagval, c, x, y)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagval3d(x, y, z, c):
|
|
"""
|
|
Evaluate a 3-D Laguerre series at points (x, y, z).
|
|
|
|
This function returns the values:
|
|
|
|
.. math:: p(x,y,z) = \\sum_{i,j,k} c_{i,j,k} * L_i(x) * L_j(y) * L_k(z)
|
|
|
|
The parameters `x`, `y`, and `z` are converted to arrays only if
|
|
they are tuples or a lists, otherwise they are treated as a scalars and
|
|
they must have the same shape after conversion. In either case, either
|
|
`x`, `y`, and `z` or their elements must support multiplication and
|
|
addition both with themselves and with the elements of `c`.
|
|
|
|
If `c` has fewer than 3 dimensions, ones are implicitly appended to its
|
|
shape to make it 3-D. The shape of the result will be c.shape[3:] +
|
|
x.shape.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x, y, z : array_like, compatible object
|
|
The three dimensional series is evaluated at the points
|
|
``(x, y, z)``, where `x`, `y`, and `z` must have the same shape. If
|
|
any of `x`, `y`, or `z` is a list or tuple, it is first converted
|
|
to an ndarray, otherwise it is left unchanged and if it isn't an
|
|
ndarray it is treated as a scalar.
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
Array of coefficients ordered so that the coefficient of the term of
|
|
multi-degree i,j,k is contained in ``c[i,j,k]``. If `c` has dimension
|
|
greater than 3 the remaining indices enumerate multiple sets of
|
|
coefficients.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
values : ndarray, compatible object
|
|
The values of the multidimensional polynomial on points formed with
|
|
triples of corresponding values from `x`, `y`, and `z`.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagval, lagval2d, laggrid2d, laggrid3d
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagval3d
|
|
>>> c = [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
|
|
>>> lagval3d(1, 1, 2, c)
|
|
-1.0
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._valnd(lagval, c, x, y, z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def laggrid3d(x, y, z, c):
|
|
"""
|
|
Evaluate a 3-D Laguerre series on the Cartesian product of x, y, and z.
|
|
|
|
This function returns the values:
|
|
|
|
.. math:: p(a,b,c) = \\sum_{i,j,k} c_{i,j,k} * L_i(a) * L_j(b) * L_k(c)
|
|
|
|
where the points ``(a, b, c)`` consist of all triples formed by taking
|
|
`a` from `x`, `b` from `y`, and `c` from `z`. The resulting points form
|
|
a grid with `x` in the first dimension, `y` in the second, and `z` in
|
|
the third.
|
|
|
|
The parameters `x`, `y`, and `z` are converted to arrays only if they
|
|
are tuples or a lists, otherwise they are treated as a scalars. In
|
|
either case, either `x`, `y`, and `z` or their elements must support
|
|
multiplication and addition both with themselves and with the elements
|
|
of `c`.
|
|
|
|
If `c` has fewer than three dimensions, ones are implicitly appended to
|
|
its shape to make it 3-D. The shape of the result will be c.shape[3:] +
|
|
x.shape + y.shape + z.shape.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x, y, z : array_like, compatible objects
|
|
The three dimensional series is evaluated at the points in the
|
|
Cartesian product of `x`, `y`, and `z`. If `x`, `y`, or `z` is a
|
|
list or tuple, it is first converted to an ndarray, otherwise it is
|
|
left unchanged and, if it isn't an ndarray, it is treated as a
|
|
scalar.
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
Array of coefficients ordered so that the coefficients for terms of
|
|
degree i,j are contained in ``c[i,j]``. If `c` has dimension
|
|
greater than two the remaining indices enumerate multiple sets of
|
|
coefficients.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
values : ndarray, compatible object
|
|
The values of the two dimensional polynomial at points in the Cartesian
|
|
product of `x` and `y`.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagval, lagval2d, laggrid2d, lagval3d
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import laggrid3d
|
|
>>> c = [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
|
|
>>> laggrid3d([0, 1], [0, 1], [2, 4], c)
|
|
array([[[ -4., -44.],
|
|
[ -2., -18.]],
|
|
[[ -2., -14.],
|
|
[ -1., -5.]]])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._gridnd(lagval, c, x, y, z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagvander(x, deg):
|
|
"""Pseudo-Vandermonde matrix of given degree.
|
|
|
|
Returns the pseudo-Vandermonde matrix of degree `deg` and sample points
|
|
`x`. The pseudo-Vandermonde matrix is defined by
|
|
|
|
.. math:: V[..., i] = L_i(x)
|
|
|
|
where ``0 <= i <= deg``. The leading indices of `V` index the elements of
|
|
`x` and the last index is the degree of the Laguerre polynomial.
|
|
|
|
If `c` is a 1-D array of coefficients of length ``n + 1`` and `V` is the
|
|
array ``V = lagvander(x, n)``, then ``np.dot(V, c)`` and
|
|
``lagval(x, c)`` are the same up to roundoff. This equivalence is
|
|
useful both for least squares fitting and for the evaluation of a large
|
|
number of Laguerre series of the same degree and sample points.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x : array_like
|
|
Array of points. The dtype is converted to float64 or complex128
|
|
depending on whether any of the elements are complex. If `x` is
|
|
scalar it is converted to a 1-D array.
|
|
deg : int
|
|
Degree of the resulting matrix.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
vander : ndarray
|
|
The pseudo-Vandermonde matrix. The shape of the returned matrix is
|
|
``x.shape + (deg + 1,)``, where The last index is the degree of the
|
|
corresponding Laguerre polynomial. The dtype will be the same as
|
|
the converted `x`.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> import numpy as np
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagvander
|
|
>>> x = np.array([0, 1, 2])
|
|
>>> lagvander(x, 3)
|
|
array([[ 1. , 1. , 1. , 1. ],
|
|
[ 1. , 0. , -0.5 , -0.66666667],
|
|
[ 1. , -1. , -1. , -0.33333333]])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
ideg = pu._as_int(deg, "deg")
|
|
if ideg < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("deg must be non-negative")
|
|
|
|
x = np.array(x, copy=None, ndmin=1) + 0.0
|
|
dims = (ideg + 1,) + x.shape
|
|
dtyp = x.dtype
|
|
v = np.empty(dims, dtype=dtyp)
|
|
v[0] = x * 0 + 1
|
|
if ideg > 0:
|
|
v[1] = 1 - x
|
|
for i in range(2, ideg + 1):
|
|
v[i] = (v[i - 1] * (2 * i - 1 - x) - v[i - 2] * (i - 1)) / i
|
|
return np.moveaxis(v, 0, -1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagvander2d(x, y, deg):
|
|
"""Pseudo-Vandermonde matrix of given degrees.
|
|
|
|
Returns the pseudo-Vandermonde matrix of degrees `deg` and sample
|
|
points ``(x, y)``. The pseudo-Vandermonde matrix is defined by
|
|
|
|
.. math:: V[..., (deg[1] + 1)*i + j] = L_i(x) * L_j(y),
|
|
|
|
where ``0 <= i <= deg[0]`` and ``0 <= j <= deg[1]``. The leading indices of
|
|
`V` index the points ``(x, y)`` and the last index encodes the degrees of
|
|
the Laguerre polynomials.
|
|
|
|
If ``V = lagvander2d(x, y, [xdeg, ydeg])``, then the columns of `V`
|
|
correspond to the elements of a 2-D coefficient array `c` of shape
|
|
(xdeg + 1, ydeg + 1) in the order
|
|
|
|
.. math:: c_{00}, c_{01}, c_{02} ... , c_{10}, c_{11}, c_{12} ...
|
|
|
|
and ``np.dot(V, c.flat)`` and ``lagval2d(x, y, c)`` will be the same
|
|
up to roundoff. This equivalence is useful both for least squares
|
|
fitting and for the evaluation of a large number of 2-D Laguerre
|
|
series of the same degrees and sample points.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x, y : array_like
|
|
Arrays of point coordinates, all of the same shape. The dtypes
|
|
will be converted to either float64 or complex128 depending on
|
|
whether any of the elements are complex. Scalars are converted to
|
|
1-D arrays.
|
|
deg : list of ints
|
|
List of maximum degrees of the form [x_deg, y_deg].
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
vander2d : ndarray
|
|
The shape of the returned matrix is ``x.shape + (order,)``, where
|
|
:math:`order = (deg[0]+1)*(deg[1]+1)`. The dtype will be the same
|
|
as the converted `x` and `y`.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagvander, lagvander3d, lagval2d, lagval3d
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> import numpy as np
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagvander2d
|
|
>>> x = np.array([0])
|
|
>>> y = np.array([2])
|
|
>>> lagvander2d(x, y, [2, 1])
|
|
array([[ 1., -1., 1., -1., 1., -1.]])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._vander_nd_flat((lagvander, lagvander), (x, y), deg)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagvander3d(x, y, z, deg):
|
|
"""Pseudo-Vandermonde matrix of given degrees.
|
|
|
|
Returns the pseudo-Vandermonde matrix of degrees `deg` and sample
|
|
points ``(x, y, z)``. If `l`, `m`, `n` are the given degrees in `x`, `y`, `z`,
|
|
then The pseudo-Vandermonde matrix is defined by
|
|
|
|
.. math:: V[..., (m+1)(n+1)i + (n+1)j + k] = L_i(x)*L_j(y)*L_k(z),
|
|
|
|
where ``0 <= i <= l``, ``0 <= j <= m``, and ``0 <= j <= n``. The leading
|
|
indices of `V` index the points ``(x, y, z)`` and the last index encodes
|
|
the degrees of the Laguerre polynomials.
|
|
|
|
If ``V = lagvander3d(x, y, z, [xdeg, ydeg, zdeg])``, then the columns
|
|
of `V` correspond to the elements of a 3-D coefficient array `c` of
|
|
shape (xdeg + 1, ydeg + 1, zdeg + 1) in the order
|
|
|
|
.. math:: c_{000}, c_{001}, c_{002},... , c_{010}, c_{011}, c_{012},...
|
|
|
|
and ``np.dot(V, c.flat)`` and ``lagval3d(x, y, z, c)`` will be the
|
|
same up to roundoff. This equivalence is useful both for least squares
|
|
fitting and for the evaluation of a large number of 3-D Laguerre
|
|
series of the same degrees and sample points.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x, y, z : array_like
|
|
Arrays of point coordinates, all of the same shape. The dtypes will
|
|
be converted to either float64 or complex128 depending on whether
|
|
any of the elements are complex. Scalars are converted to 1-D
|
|
arrays.
|
|
deg : list of ints
|
|
List of maximum degrees of the form [x_deg, y_deg, z_deg].
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
vander3d : ndarray
|
|
The shape of the returned matrix is ``x.shape + (order,)``, where
|
|
:math:`order = (deg[0]+1)*(deg[1]+1)*(deg[2]+1)`. The dtype will
|
|
be the same as the converted `x`, `y`, and `z`.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
lagvander, lagvander3d, lagval2d, lagval3d
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> import numpy as np
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagvander3d
|
|
>>> x = np.array([0])
|
|
>>> y = np.array([2])
|
|
>>> z = np.array([0])
|
|
>>> lagvander3d(x, y, z, [2, 1, 3])
|
|
array([[ 1., 1., 1., 1., -1., -1., -1., -1., 1., 1., 1., 1., -1.,
|
|
-1., -1., -1., 1., 1., 1., 1., -1., -1., -1., -1.]])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._vander_nd_flat((lagvander, lagvander, lagvander), (x, y, z), deg)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagfit(x, y, deg, rcond=None, full=False, w=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Least squares fit of Laguerre series to data.
|
|
|
|
Return the coefficients of a Laguerre series of degree `deg` that is the
|
|
least squares fit to the data values `y` given at points `x`. If `y` is
|
|
1-D the returned coefficients will also be 1-D. If `y` is 2-D multiple
|
|
fits are done, one for each column of `y`, and the resulting
|
|
coefficients are stored in the corresponding columns of a 2-D return.
|
|
The fitted polynomial(s) are in the form
|
|
|
|
.. math:: p(x) = c_0 + c_1 * L_1(x) + ... + c_n * L_n(x),
|
|
|
|
where ``n`` is `deg`.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x : array_like, shape (M,)
|
|
x-coordinates of the M sample points ``(x[i], y[i])``.
|
|
y : array_like, shape (M,) or (M, K)
|
|
y-coordinates of the sample points. Several data sets of sample
|
|
points sharing the same x-coordinates can be fitted at once by
|
|
passing in a 2D-array that contains one dataset per column.
|
|
deg : int or 1-D array_like
|
|
Degree(s) of the fitting polynomials. If `deg` is a single integer
|
|
all terms up to and including the `deg`'th term are included in the
|
|
fit. For NumPy versions >= 1.11.0 a list of integers specifying the
|
|
degrees of the terms to include may be used instead.
|
|
rcond : float, optional
|
|
Relative condition number of the fit. Singular values smaller than
|
|
this relative to the largest singular value will be ignored. The
|
|
default value is len(x)*eps, where eps is the relative precision of
|
|
the float type, about 2e-16 in most cases.
|
|
full : bool, optional
|
|
Switch determining nature of return value. When it is False (the
|
|
default) just the coefficients are returned, when True diagnostic
|
|
information from the singular value decomposition is also returned.
|
|
w : array_like, shape (`M`,), optional
|
|
Weights. If not None, the weight ``w[i]`` applies to the unsquared
|
|
residual ``y[i] - y_hat[i]`` at ``x[i]``. Ideally the weights are
|
|
chosen so that the errors of the products ``w[i]*y[i]`` all have the
|
|
same variance. When using inverse-variance weighting, use
|
|
``w[i] = 1/sigma(y[i])``. The default value is None.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
coef : ndarray, shape (M,) or (M, K)
|
|
Laguerre coefficients ordered from low to high. If `y` was 2-D,
|
|
the coefficients for the data in column *k* of `y` are in column
|
|
*k*.
|
|
|
|
[residuals, rank, singular_values, rcond] : list
|
|
These values are only returned if ``full == True``
|
|
|
|
- residuals -- sum of squared residuals of the least squares fit
|
|
- rank -- the numerical rank of the scaled Vandermonde matrix
|
|
- singular_values -- singular values of the scaled Vandermonde matrix
|
|
- rcond -- value of `rcond`.
|
|
|
|
For more details, see `numpy.linalg.lstsq`.
|
|
|
|
Warns
|
|
-----
|
|
RankWarning
|
|
The rank of the coefficient matrix in the least-squares fit is
|
|
deficient. The warning is only raised if ``full == False``. The
|
|
warnings can be turned off by
|
|
|
|
>>> import warnings
|
|
>>> warnings.simplefilter('ignore', np.exceptions.RankWarning)
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyfit
|
|
numpy.polynomial.legendre.legfit
|
|
numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebfit
|
|
numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermfit
|
|
numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermefit
|
|
lagval : Evaluates a Laguerre series.
|
|
lagvander : pseudo Vandermonde matrix of Laguerre series.
|
|
lagweight : Laguerre weight function.
|
|
numpy.linalg.lstsq : Computes a least-squares fit from the matrix.
|
|
scipy.interpolate.UnivariateSpline : Computes spline fits.
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
-----
|
|
The solution is the coefficients of the Laguerre series ``p`` that
|
|
minimizes the sum of the weighted squared errors
|
|
|
|
.. math:: E = \\sum_j w_j^2 * |y_j - p(x_j)|^2,
|
|
|
|
where the :math:`w_j` are the weights. This problem is solved by
|
|
setting up as the (typically) overdetermined matrix equation
|
|
|
|
.. math:: V(x) * c = w * y,
|
|
|
|
where ``V`` is the weighted pseudo Vandermonde matrix of `x`, ``c`` are the
|
|
coefficients to be solved for, `w` are the weights, and `y` are the
|
|
observed values. This equation is then solved using the singular value
|
|
decomposition of ``V``.
|
|
|
|
If some of the singular values of `V` are so small that they are
|
|
neglected, then a `~exceptions.RankWarning` will be issued. This means that
|
|
the coefficient values may be poorly determined. Using a lower order fit
|
|
will usually get rid of the warning. The `rcond` parameter can also be
|
|
set to a value smaller than its default, but the resulting fit may be
|
|
spurious and have large contributions from roundoff error.
|
|
|
|
Fits using Laguerre series are probably most useful when the data can
|
|
be approximated by ``sqrt(w(x)) * p(x)``, where ``w(x)`` is the Laguerre
|
|
weight. In that case the weight ``sqrt(w(x[i]))`` should be used
|
|
together with data values ``y[i]/sqrt(w(x[i]))``. The weight function is
|
|
available as `lagweight`.
|
|
|
|
References
|
|
----------
|
|
.. [1] Wikipedia, "Curve fitting",
|
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_fitting
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> import numpy as np
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagfit, lagval
|
|
>>> x = np.linspace(0, 10)
|
|
>>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
|
|
>>> err = rng.normal(scale=1./10, size=len(x))
|
|
>>> y = lagval(x, [1, 2, 3]) + err
|
|
>>> lagfit(x, y, 2)
|
|
array([1.00578369, 1.99417356, 2.99827656]) # may vary
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return pu._fit(lagvander, x, y, deg, rcond, full, w)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagcompanion(c):
|
|
"""
|
|
Return the companion matrix of c.
|
|
|
|
The usual companion matrix of the Laguerre polynomials is already
|
|
symmetric when `c` is a basis Laguerre polynomial, so no scaling is
|
|
applied.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
c : array_like
|
|
1-D array of Laguerre series coefficients ordered from low to high
|
|
degree.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
mat : ndarray
|
|
Companion matrix of dimensions (deg, deg).
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagcompanion
|
|
>>> lagcompanion([1, 2, 3])
|
|
array([[ 1. , -0.33333333],
|
|
[-1. , 4.33333333]])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
# c is a trimmed copy
|
|
[c] = pu.as_series([c])
|
|
if len(c) < 2:
|
|
raise ValueError('Series must have maximum degree of at least 1.')
|
|
if len(c) == 2:
|
|
return np.array([[1 + c[0] / c[1]]])
|
|
|
|
n = len(c) - 1
|
|
mat = np.zeros((n, n), dtype=c.dtype)
|
|
top = mat.reshape(-1)[1::n + 1]
|
|
mid = mat.reshape(-1)[0::n + 1]
|
|
bot = mat.reshape(-1)[n::n + 1]
|
|
top[...] = -np.arange(1, n)
|
|
mid[...] = 2. * np.arange(n) + 1.
|
|
bot[...] = top
|
|
mat[:, -1] += (c[:-1] / c[-1]) * n
|
|
return mat
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagroots(c):
|
|
"""
|
|
Compute the roots of a Laguerre series.
|
|
|
|
Return the roots (a.k.a. "zeros") of the polynomial
|
|
|
|
.. math:: p(x) = \\sum_i c[i] * L_i(x).
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
c : 1-D array_like
|
|
1-D array of coefficients.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
out : ndarray
|
|
Array of the roots of the series. If all the roots are real,
|
|
then `out` is also real, otherwise it is complex.
|
|
|
|
See Also
|
|
--------
|
|
numpy.polynomial.polynomial.polyroots
|
|
numpy.polynomial.legendre.legroots
|
|
numpy.polynomial.chebyshev.chebroots
|
|
numpy.polynomial.hermite.hermroots
|
|
numpy.polynomial.hermite_e.hermeroots
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
-----
|
|
The root estimates are obtained as the eigenvalues of the companion
|
|
matrix, Roots far from the origin of the complex plane may have large
|
|
errors due to the numerical instability of the series for such
|
|
values. Roots with multiplicity greater than 1 will also show larger
|
|
errors as the value of the series near such points is relatively
|
|
insensitive to errors in the roots. Isolated roots near the origin can
|
|
be improved by a few iterations of Newton's method.
|
|
|
|
The Laguerre series basis polynomials aren't powers of `x` so the
|
|
results of this function may seem unintuitive.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagroots, lagfromroots
|
|
>>> coef = lagfromroots([0, 1, 2])
|
|
>>> coef
|
|
array([ 2., -8., 12., -6.])
|
|
>>> lagroots(coef)
|
|
array([-4.4408921e-16, 1.0000000e+00, 2.0000000e+00])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
# c is a trimmed copy
|
|
[c] = pu.as_series([c])
|
|
if len(c) <= 1:
|
|
return np.array([], dtype=c.dtype)
|
|
if len(c) == 2:
|
|
return np.array([1 + c[0] / c[1]])
|
|
|
|
# rotated companion matrix reduces error
|
|
m = lagcompanion(c)[::-1, ::-1]
|
|
r = la.eigvals(m)
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|
r.sort()
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|
return r
|
|
|
|
|
|
def laggauss(deg):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gauss-Laguerre quadrature.
|
|
|
|
Computes the sample points and weights for Gauss-Laguerre quadrature.
|
|
These sample points and weights will correctly integrate polynomials of
|
|
degree :math:`2*deg - 1` or less over the interval :math:`[0, \\inf]`
|
|
with the weight function :math:`f(x) = \\exp(-x)`.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
deg : int
|
|
Number of sample points and weights. It must be >= 1.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
x : ndarray
|
|
1-D ndarray containing the sample points.
|
|
y : ndarray
|
|
1-D ndarray containing the weights.
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
-----
|
|
The results have only been tested up to degree 100 higher degrees may
|
|
be problematic. The weights are determined by using the fact that
|
|
|
|
.. math:: w_k = c / (L'_n(x_k) * L_{n-1}(x_k))
|
|
|
|
where :math:`c` is a constant independent of :math:`k` and :math:`x_k`
|
|
is the k'th root of :math:`L_n`, and then scaling the results to get
|
|
the right value when integrating 1.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import laggauss
|
|
>>> laggauss(2)
|
|
(array([0.58578644, 3.41421356]), array([0.85355339, 0.14644661]))
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
ideg = pu._as_int(deg, "deg")
|
|
if ideg <= 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("deg must be a positive integer")
|
|
|
|
# first approximation of roots. We use the fact that the companion
|
|
# matrix is symmetric in this case in order to obtain better zeros.
|
|
c = np.array([0] * deg + [1])
|
|
m = lagcompanion(c)
|
|
x = la.eigvalsh(m)
|
|
|
|
# improve roots by one application of Newton
|
|
dy = lagval(x, c)
|
|
df = lagval(x, lagder(c))
|
|
x -= dy / df
|
|
|
|
# compute the weights. We scale the factor to avoid possible numerical
|
|
# overflow.
|
|
fm = lagval(x, c[1:])
|
|
fm /= np.abs(fm).max()
|
|
df /= np.abs(df).max()
|
|
w = 1 / (fm * df)
|
|
|
|
# scale w to get the right value, 1 in this case
|
|
w /= w.sum()
|
|
|
|
return x, w
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lagweight(x):
|
|
"""Weight function of the Laguerre polynomials.
|
|
|
|
The weight function is :math:`exp(-x)` and the interval of integration
|
|
is :math:`[0, \\inf]`. The Laguerre polynomials are orthogonal, but not
|
|
normalized, with respect to this weight function.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
x : array_like
|
|
Values at which the weight function will be computed.
|
|
|
|
Returns
|
|
-------
|
|
w : ndarray
|
|
The weight function at `x`.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
--------
|
|
>>> from numpy.polynomial.laguerre import lagweight
|
|
>>> x = np.array([0, 1, 2])
|
|
>>> lagweight(x)
|
|
array([1. , 0.36787944, 0.13533528])
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
w = np.exp(-x)
|
|
return w
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Laguerre series class
|
|
#
|
|
|
|
class Laguerre(ABCPolyBase):
|
|
"""A Laguerre series class.
|
|
|
|
The Laguerre class provides the standard Python numerical methods
|
|
'+', '-', '*', '//', '%', 'divmod', '**', and '()' as well as the
|
|
attributes and methods listed below.
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
coef : array_like
|
|
Laguerre coefficients in order of increasing degree, i.e,
|
|
``(1, 2, 3)`` gives ``1*L_0(x) + 2*L_1(X) + 3*L_2(x)``.
|
|
domain : (2,) array_like, optional
|
|
Domain to use. The interval ``[domain[0], domain[1]]`` is mapped
|
|
to the interval ``[window[0], window[1]]`` by shifting and scaling.
|
|
The default value is [0., 1.].
|
|
window : (2,) array_like, optional
|
|
Window, see `domain` for its use. The default value is [0., 1.].
|
|
symbol : str, optional
|
|
Symbol used to represent the independent variable in string
|
|
representations of the polynomial expression, e.g. for printing.
|
|
The symbol must be a valid Python identifier. Default value is 'x'.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.24
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
# Virtual Functions
|
|
_add = staticmethod(lagadd)
|
|
_sub = staticmethod(lagsub)
|
|
_mul = staticmethod(lagmul)
|
|
_div = staticmethod(lagdiv)
|
|
_pow = staticmethod(lagpow)
|
|
_val = staticmethod(lagval)
|
|
_int = staticmethod(lagint)
|
|
_der = staticmethod(lagder)
|
|
_fit = staticmethod(lagfit)
|
|
_line = staticmethod(lagline)
|
|
_roots = staticmethod(lagroots)
|
|
_fromroots = staticmethod(lagfromroots)
|
|
|
|
# Virtual properties
|
|
domain = np.array(lagdomain)
|
|
window = np.array(lagdomain)
|
|
basis_name = 'L'
|